Genetic fingerprinting, DNA testing, DNA typing, and DNA profiling are techniques used to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. DNA testing was invented in 1985 and since then it use (and misuse) has grown considerably.
DNA matching is based upon the principle that two humans will have the vast majority of their DNA sequence in common – but not the entire sequence. For example, genetic fingerprinting exploits highly variable repeating sequences in the finger skin called minisatellites. Two unrelated humans will be unlikely to have the same numbers of minisatellites at a given locus genetic profiles. Used in this way, DNA testing offers a remarkably accurate means of identification.
As a result, shortly after it's invention, DNA fingerprinting began to be widely used in forensic science, to match suspects to samples of blood, hair, saliva or semen. It has also led to several exonerations of formerly convicted suspects. DNA examination can also be used for identifying human remains, paternity testing, and matching organ donors
In a court of law, DNA testing is subject to the legal code of the jurisdiction in which it is performed. Usually the testing is voluntary, but it can be made compulsory by such instruments as a search warrant or court order. Several jurisdictions have also begun to assemble databases containing DNA information of convicts.
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